General Discussion
Seeing your gas gauge drop faster than a rock feels like a punch to the wallet.  But before you resign yourself to the life of a gas station regular, let's explore some reasons why your car might be suffering from fuel efficiency woes.
• Underinflated Tires:  This is a sneaky culprit.  Tires that are even a few pounds below recommended pressure can increase rolling resistance, forcing your engine to work harder and burn more fuel.  Solution:  Check your tire pressure regularly (at least once a month) and inflate them to the level recommended by your car's manufacturer (check the sticker in the driver's door jamb or owner's manual).
• Lead Foot Syndrome:  We've all been there - that satisfying surge of acceleration.  But constantly jackrabbiting from stop lights or speeding down the highway is a surefire way to guzzle gas.  Solution:  Practice gentler acceleration and maintain a steady speed whenever possible.  Believe it or not, anticipating traffic flow and avoiding sudden braking can also make a big difference.
• Air Filter Fiasco:  A clogged air filter restricts clean air flow to the engine.  Your engine struggles to breathe, so it burns more fuel to compensate.  Solution:  Replace your air filter according to your car's maintenance schedule (typically every 12,000 to 15,000 miles).
• Fuel System Foes:  Dirty fuel injectors or a clogged fuel filter can disrupt the proper mix of air and fuel entering the engine.  This can lead to incomplete combustion and wasted fuel.  Solution:  Schedule regular fuel system cleanings as recommended by your car's manufacturer.  In some cases, depending on mileage, you might need to replace fuel injectors or the fuel filter.
Beyond the Basics:
• Sensor Sensibilities:  Several sensors play a crucial role in fuel efficiency.  A faulty oxygen sensor, for example, can send incorrect signals to the engine computer, causing it to run rich (more fuel than air).  Solution:  If you suspect a faulty sensor, consult a mechanic for diagnosis and replacement.
• Oil Change Overdue:  Believe it or not, old, dirty oil can increase friction in the engine, forcing it to work harder and burn more fuel.  Solution:  Stick to your car's recommended oil change schedule and use the viscosity grade specified in your owner's manual.
• Spark Plug Blues:  Worn or fouled spark plugs can hinder proper ignition, leading to incomplete combustion and wasted fuel.  Solution:  Replace your spark plugs according to the recommended service interval in your owner's manual.